America’s role in trade and investment around world

Key ideas of the development of US hegemony such as neo-liberalism

Neo-Liberalism.

Origin of neo-liberalism was in 1970 when economic crisis took place and second establishment of neo-liberalism started in period of 2000s which caused great depression in terms of decline in profit. Between these two periods it remained up to 3 decades and countries or region suffered in this were Latin world, later on Japan joined in lately with other major countries when it took place in Europe and America. China was the country which took full-fledge advantage of this phenomena in terms of division in international labor.

Political economists have concluded that neo-liberalism is actually class-based theory which explains the order of world and indicates the financial capital dominance of victorious power (Dumenil and Levy 2011; Harvey 2005). Neo-Liberalism is a global phenomenon or a social order of financial hegemony of every era. This phenomenon is actually consequence of strong capitalist victorious hegemony to its lower class the one called clerical-commercial class. It is actually gain of huge stock and capital income gained by managerial class of capitalist from popular classes. Huge income was contained in the period of World War ll was actually race about imperialism among countries to gain maximum stock and income from lower class. 

Development of US hegemony as neo-liberalism.

Studies reflect the pro-filtration of “financialisation” and refers it to the growth of financial hegemony and international markets in order to increase the structural dominance for accumulation (Krippner 2012). US hegemony arose after two world wars which changed political and financial order of world almost all regions of world and US emerged as the most powerful capitalist country than others because of its victorious dominancy in last world war. United States was leading from front as international power. Whereas, other imperialist powers lacked behind due to their involvement in defensing of their traditional empires like United Kingdom and France. However, the United States rejected traditional defense for empire and diverted it’s strategy with Wilsonian vision of dominancy with informal manner to other capitalist countries. This resulted the constant dominancy of dollar at international level and did not cause any fluctuations for dollar even some major crisis, United State hegemony maintained when world experienced some major economic crisis. 

World at some events experienced great depression regarding financial crisis in whole world, even this great depression did not affect hegemony of United States with it’s dollar stability and financial income around world. United States has huge contribution in pre and post-world War though it did not affect the financial stability to United States whereas, other capitalist countries consolidated by great loss to their financial status. United States was stick to its international trade and international movement policies and did not follow the Bretton Woods agreements of limiting its international trade and currencies according to the scenario of world. United States fought for free world and for the defense and got his dominant position around world though that war was ended with corruption and other factors and resulted United States dominancy in non-financial and financial economy of world. In 2000s United States financial model was introduced to other capitalist countries for further financial growth and he lead from the front in capitalist block (Piketty T. & Saez E 2003).

Development in International Financial Institutions.

International financial institutions (IFIs) are the major factors which describe the hegemony of financial reforms around the world and have been powerful agents which monitor the financial order of world and make policies of economic reforms for world. (Halliday and Carruthers, 2007). IMF and World Bank have great influence to introduce reforms for countries which experience financial crisis and provide them assistance for their stability. Over the years these institutions have great role in monitoring the financial status if world. These factors makes US financial hegemony and uplift her influence of leadership. United States has very strong role over international financial institutions like World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). It depicts the formal and informal dominance of United States on these organizations as they monitor the financial infrastructure of world. United States has financial influence over these institutions because he contributes major share into these organisations. After world wars and new era of post-war financial era had developed some conventions which have strong implications on the capitalist as well as communist block too.

World became under influence of United States and accepted his financial hegemony when his dollar showed its consistent stability and these two major United States originated organizations became the focus of world in order to overcome their financial crisis. Most of under developing countries around world prioritized these institutions over the time to overcome their financial crisis. However, these institutions depicts credibility and legitimacy of US influence in terms of power and policy over the world and monitor the funds throughout the world. After world war, most part of world became colonized and US focused on development of his financial status around world and imposed his strong implications by developing the institutions to dominate the financial and social order of world. 

Changes in international trade and investment including US policy changes.

Change in pattern of Global Trade and Investment.

As globalisation have changed every pattern and sector of world and has impacted great influence to every sector of world. Similarly international trade is major implication of globalisation and has changed trend of traditional merchandise trade which used to be employed in twentieth century has been converted into digitalisation trade and various developments have been seen over the decades and final stage have been reached digitalisation stage in particular terms across the border. These developments has influenced and has created great challenges for international trade and investment. As per the agreements of General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) which initiated in 1994 generally four modes of trade were introduced and cross-border provision which has now great implication in global trade and has been a major factor in trade services around the world. Current statistics of the United States Department of Commerce, has indicated that digitalisation of trade has created great opportunities in international trade as it has created speedy agreements and records are converted into digital documentations rather than manual one (Rachel F. Fefer, Shayerah Ilias Akhtar, and Wayne M. Morrison, 2017).

E-commerce has changed the trade implications around the world as digitalisation has made trade contacted and precise as distances have been decreased and it less time consuming as deals are getting faster around the world. Evolution of technology has made trade trends and raising questions on international production and volume. Multilateral trade system changes it’s trend as it is being pushed to the new forward blocks and other emerging powers which is creating trouble for US trade hegemony around the world in terms of investment and trade. This results in lacking of progress in trade agreements as world order is changing its trade focus to middle-income emerging powers like China and India which has questioned the international trade hegemony of US around the world. 

Recent developments of free-trade and free-tariffs under the Doha Development agenda has raised difficulties for the industrialisation to less developed countries which are already facing the issues of poverty. Every country along developing country prioritises to multilateral trade system as it has to encounter the poverty reduction and makes policies which give strong financial status and make reciprocal policy for how to make it’s trade strong at international level. This multilateral trade system has raised questions over US economic hegemonic dominancy over the world as every country is seeking it’s ways to enter the international trade (Andrew L. Stoler,2011)

US Trade and Investment Policy

International leadership of United States has been undermined and question is raised for U.S hegemony as it is establishing liberal policy for trade policy. Hegemonic trend has been changed and it has several factors which are responsible for it and major one is openness of world trade to every emerging power whereas U.S has strong implications due to its international financial institutes and its implications. As post war was prosperity era for U.S because it had dominated place and influence over world and its a general perception (Krasner 1976; Goldstein 1981; Lipson 1982). Over the few decades US trade has been doubled due to globalisation perspective and US has major role to appreciate this trend and which has positively affected the US trade policy across the world. United States has strong restrictions in cross border trade and put huge tariffs even on the goods to be used domestically and first government is the largest consumer of the goods this makes the filtration of illegal goods supplied across the border.

United States is a capitalist country and leads this block from front so his policy regarding trade is bilateral or multilateral affairs for trade to the governments, organisations. It promotes the foreign investments and trade inside country to gain maximum capital. Private sector is highly encouraged to invest in country so most of the corporations across the world has given opportunity to invest in United States. United States provides opportunity to international markets and trades to do business according to the rules and regulations of USA. Most of the organisations are attracted to USA because he provides security and safe environment to enterprises which encourage the investment of every kind of positive trade though it can be in bilateral manner or multilateral manner. Bilateral affairs include government to government as the countries do their bilateral trade with United States and supplies huge amount of commodity to USA. Whereas, multilateral trade is actually the large corporations in the world are provided opportunity to make trade agreements and investment in USA. Most of the countries and corporations prioritise United States for its trade and gain their earnings.

United States policies and international trade and investment affect US hegemony.

In 1990s there was a huge collapse of socialism so there need a replacement of this system and needed to be reformed therefore capitalism became the substitute for socialism and new reforms and order was introduced in world at that time which has still strong dominancy over the world. So capitalism arose as the alternative of socialism. As that time capitalism promoted free trade across the world and provided huge opportunities for trade and investment therefore international migration took place and huge number of lower class diverted it’s direction towards the leader of capitalist block like United States who introduced capitalism and promoted trade and private capital investment around the world as they are indicated in Washington consensus. Besides that flow of short-term capital flow resulted stability in region and relationship of United States with Latin region as they had so many agreements on trade and investment this provided both inter relation between two regions and created opportunities for trade and investment. Some emerging powers of world has snatched the US hegemony and economical production for less developed consumers are making their directions towards China and United States is compromising it’s hegemony in-front of China. Subsequently, U.S hegemony is affected in all sectors and economic race is major in today’s era. 

Change in Status Quo of World Order

World order has been changing and this has impacted the status quo or world order. China is producing economical products for under developing countries and consumers are preferring to buy these economical stuff and this has changed the market penetration order as China is penetrating into consumer market  and it has provided huge number of commodities to Indo-Pacific and Latin regions which are the most important markets around the world. US hegemony had strong implications in these regions but by changing the order of world China has replaced US hegemony in most of the markets in world. China has become major trade partner to most of countries if these regions and economies of these countries than the U.S. Besides economy US is also losing his military hegemony as China is producing number of military arms and supplies to number of countries. Over the years bush administration was diverted to wars and had not much attention to western hemisphere some major were not the part of discussions. These major issues like drug trafficking and illegal immigration were the major issues before (Office of the President, The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, March 2006). Most of Latin Americans have mostly rejected the international forums of US backed and this has lacked back the commitments of these regions with U.S markets. 

Globalisation has imposed its marks in every region. US is mostly engaged in militarisation in most of the countries and it has diverted its direction towards the defence sectors. Just like past when United Kingdom and France were most of the time engaged in defence instead of getting stronger in economy. Economy is the most powerful tool for a country to combat the interior matters and problems of a country. Similarly, US is mostly engaged in defence which provided opportunity for emerging powers to follow it’s model and pattern and replace the hegemonic status of USA. China is getting stronger day by day in trade across the world even Indo-Pacific region where it got some rivals but he does not compromise on trade and does not affect trade between these countries. China has imposed its marks almost every market and provide the commodity with reasonable value which is quite affordable for lower classes. On the other side US is mostly engaged in international politics and diverted it’s attentions from economic sector but recent developments of Trump policy of ‘America First’ is totally based on economic dominance as before.

Trump’s ‘America First’ policy is based on trade hegemony of US to world and this policy emphasises that USA should focus on economy, trade and investment instead of engaging into world politics and providing assistance to some countries for countering terrorism. US has been gone through several losses. Besides that China is establishing its own institutions which provide temporary assistance to some countries like IMF and World Bank similarly China has established Asian Development Bank. Apparently it does not seem any danger to hegemonic status of US but it has message that these China oriented institutions are actually competition and challenge to US hegemonic status. Along this organisation China is producing trade corridors across the regions in order to do safe trade and efficient trade throughout the world. Over the decades US had strong hold and influence on the world and this was because of major factors which helped US in hegemonic status of US across the world and neo-liberalism produced enough profit for USA. From the colonised world US gained huge amount of profit and labor and shifted it to place and enjoyed its consistent dominancy over the world in different terms and status quo. 

Business Ethics

Teaching of business ethics in educational institutes.

Introduction

Long-term sustainability of business system demands ethical factor. This implication assents the need of learning business ethics in business institutions to reflect the importance of moral values in business (Leavitt, 1989; Palmer, 1986; Porter and McKibben, 1989; Shad, 1987). In addition to it, institution feculty needs to develop efficient pedagogical techniques to motivate about morality in business and   It needs to stimulate candidates for learning about moral values involved in business decision making internally or externally. Institution makes sure to deliver the moral knowledge regarding business dilemmas. It needs to provide information about importance of ethical dimensions in business environment. This paper reflects the description of business ethics and how much it matters in business surroundings. First, it describes the pedagogical approach to teach business ethics which was developed in 1989. It included the bulk of approaches such as films, novels and plays which described the ethics phycology in business. Fundamental vocabulary for ethics have swapped away as today’s business students are not provided the learning about basic vocabulary of business which is base of describing what is ethics, it’s role in business and how does it matter inside and outside of organisation. Moreover, students are incapable to describe the fundamental philosophy of ethics and moral values.

Classroom survey of students reflect the answer of question regarding what is ethics, common answer reveals to follow common law and rules and it is unethical to break them. According to psychological aspect human mostly keeps their interests above and he priorities his self-interests to upper level. He looks out the conditions and prefers his interests in every circumstance. These all concepts reveal an obstacle to moral thinking. Besides, all these concepts there have been several theories related to ethical phycology and these theories explains ethics and its integration to each sector. Virtual ethicists indicate the uniqueness of ethical perceptive which reflects it’s clear viewpoint and understanding in some ethics theories. According to James Rachels there is clear difference between two concepts of ethics which is reason and other is impartial perceptive. He elaborates about decision making that decision should be rationalized and impartial. Decision must be reason based. He further explains that when there is condition of decision making, impartiality should be considered by keeping all the evaluated reasons. Rachel’s theory is reflection upon the impartially testified decisions and it reflects the evaluation of analytical reasoning before decision making.

Morality is basic term related to business ethics. Egoistic concept of student is to believe on self-interest and think about oneself. Altruistic concept of ethics explains to keep self-interests ofother people and their benefits. Besides this theory, impartiality concept negates this theory as it has self-implications and self-interests. Above all, moral concept is complex to determine it’s intensity and it is hard to elaborate the basic vocabulary of ethics but it has positive aspects on daily basis decision making. Students can be testified on less ethical criteria of seven theories, though four of them are actually obstacle to ethics. These theories include physiological egoism, ethical egoism, subjectivism and cultural relativism. Three out of seven are purely based on ethical values which include deontology, utilitarianism, and virtue ethics. These seven theories can elaborate the intensity and need of morality in business. There must an strategy to include these theories in business ethics curriculum. In addition to it student would grasp the fundamental philosophy of ethics and its role in all dimensions of society and it is important component of business.

Ethics course reflects the idea of morality and learning about ethics to students. They can grasp the basic understanding of moral context in their course through course integration with arts and social sciences. Each moral theory has specific justification about ethical dimensions. All the dimensions of theories and their understanding can be accomplished by specific methods. These methods include novels, plays and films. Later on, arts would be used as medium to give understanding about the theories and it would help students to explore the philosophy of ethics and it’s theories which reflects the idea about the superiority of business ethics to general business principles. This paper provides the general understanding about the ethics nature and it describes the course of morality. Obstacles to moral conception in business to develop a basic reasoning related to business ethics can be understood by moral theories. At initial stage of learning student must know about the level of moral theory and it’s intensity of meeting criteria to minimal level. By these barriers and obstacles to ethics theories students can justify the difference between reasons and impartiality. If students are not realized by these barriers to morality at start, it can give vague understanding to their ideas about the minimal criteria of obstacles which cause hindrance to moral values. They would be unable to find appropriateness of ethical values and reasoning in business.

Supervisor conducts a research based methodology related to psychological egoism. A group activity by dividing candidates into different groups, this activity leads to create a social culture. Students are given task to employ their specific characteristics related to human nature inside the formatted social culture, developed by students in task. They are prohibited to discuss these characteristics to oneself, this activity exercised up-to ten years to find out the degree of selfishness and each group is unable to find selfishness related to basic characteristics of people. Students reflect the research by conclusion that man is selfish and considers all the interests to himself. Self-interest is fundamental characteristic of human nature. Human molds all decisions to satisfy his self-interests in most of the circumstances. According to implication of genetic structure related to psychology egoism which explains that human nature causes hindrance to altruism and ethics because biological characteristic of human nature peruses about the fundamental interests related to benefits of human. If there would be barrier to morality and indication of impartial decision making, it is just a general consequence if hidden interests of human nature (Hobbes, 1981/1651; Slote, 1964).

Related to concept of psychological egoism, if it defines the human nature is unable to develop rational decision making after going through reasons he does not move forward to his exclusive benefits then this characteristic would be emerge as cynicism. This reflects that there would be lack of impartiality. Reason based decision would lack behind due to personal interests. However this theory does not claim that it is only related to self-interest characteristic but it is also stuck between two concepts: self-interest and impartiality. This theory relates the real justification of human satisfaction towards their interests while developing business strategy or decision making. However, this is the most complex barrier to ethics vocabulary as it is related to human behavior which is undeniable. Therefore students must realize multi-dimensional reasons of business and work and overcome their nature to behave according to such barriers. They should take decisions altruism manner. They must go through the provided reasons, evaluate them and make decisions on reasons. This is greater challenge for students to face while taking decisions and it exposes the real egoism related to self-interests, students must behave on moral bases and effective grounds. Besides that if there are some valid facts related to decision and human implement it according altruistic manner then psychological egoism is not valid at that point. Above studies claim that human nature is nit rational while stuck between reasons and impartial decisions so students must behave on three components like evidence is not satisfactory to make decision upon.

Some studies claim that psychological egoism has false concepts and it does not explain actual human nature. According to Morton Hunt's The Compassionate Beast (1990) that psychological egoism is greater challenge for students in business ethics because it is fundamental human trait to prefer self-interests. According to this theory human nature excludes the concept of ethical reasoning. It causes hindrance in moral reasoning. Besides barrier moral theory, ethical egoism have some moral concepts that most of the time human act selflessly but they pursue their benefits when there is not any specific indulgence of interests of others. Ethical egoism is however describes self-interests and human nature that, it is sole obligation of human to keep their self-interests high before everything else (MacIntyre, 1985; Olson, 1967). It is not sole duty to protect other’s interests at once as it impossible to behave according to interests  of others. In addition to it, presence of solid evidences with accurate facts based on actual reasons can help one to decide by evaluation of these evidences to make decision impartial. As it is normative theory which explains the business ethics and decision making related to evidences and it explains the impartial account of any decision should be based on reasons. Besides this theory, ethical relativism describes that morality has deep integration with cultural norms. Moral code of one group requires satisfaction in adherence of specific standards of community (Benedict, 1946; Sumner, 1906; Ladd, 1973).

World business is lacking the fundamental vocabulary of ethics related to business because it has become complex conception to see ethics in all directions. Business course related to ethics have become short and précis which does not give clear reflection about business ethics. Current morality concepts have given enough understanding from few dimensions of ethics to business. Students are able to evaluate their concept by using these theories and they testify them between two components: reasons and impartiality. By using these theories and minimum concept regarding ethics, students are provided with opportunity to explore their ideas by two methods. One they can employ their understanding by contradiction of theory with culture and norms. They can get clear image that how a specific theory can match to environment of business. They can differentiate between two psychological behaviors of nature by comparing the nature of human and nature of morality. They also employ their concepts regarding barriers of morality like psychological egoism which relates the human nature to self-interests whereas ethical egoism relates interests of others but on few conditions. These conditions include presence of valid evidences, accurate facts and efficient reasons then it can help out to make decisions to satisfy interests of others.

When students are understood about these concepts which can broad their thinking related to ethics. They would able to describe the limitations regarding nature of ethics. Use of literature and different methods can help out to give clear learning about business ethics in course. All theories related to ethics however some of them are barriers and other are based on morality. Students can get clear idea about ethics and how does it matters in internal and external components of business. This idea helps them to develop an ethical perspective which has essential implications on business. It explains about how to behave ethically and unethically. All these concepts related to human behavior and organizations can help out to understand the importance of ethics in business. Rational decisions in organization have positive consequences in organization as they enhance performance of organization in every business system though it can be production and marketing. It helps to develop organizational image in consumer behavior.

International Migration

Introduction

Migration is a defining and natural phenomenon in the globalized world (Abel, Samir and Sander, 2013). However, the challenge in governing migration bestows in its volume, heterogeneity and inevitability. Migration is that term which encompasses a wide range of situations and movements and includes people from every background.  Like any time before, migration touches nearly all countries and people in the era of deepening globalization. The concept is entwined with cultural exchange, trade and geopolitics for cities, businesses and communities can enormously benefit from it. Migration have helped improve people’s live in terms of destination and origin countries and has also provided opportunities to millions of people across the globe to pursue a meaningful life in a foreign country. However, not every migration appears to bring positive circumstances and in the recent few years, there is an increase in displacement and occurrence of migration mainly because persecution, conflict, change and environmental degradationalong with a profound lack of human opportunity and security. Though, most international migrations takes place legally, one greatest insecurity for a migrant and which is of huge concern, is associated with irregular migration (Abel, Samir and Sander, 2013).

Migration has become a prominent public policy issue which is being pronounced increasingly than ever before.The topic is considered as a high priority policy issue by politicians, governments as well as by the general public across the world. The importance of migration towards human development, economic prosperitysecurity and safety assures that this will remain the topmost priority in foreseeable future. Along with being more pronounced at the national level, migration is also very evident at the international level. Incremental advancements within international cooperation over migration is gone s step further where states agree upon a global compact for orderly, safe and regular migration in 2018 (World Migration Report, 2018).

Mainstreaming of migration is recognized to be as an important factor since 2005. This was initiated when Global Commission on International Migration presented recommendations which suggested that migration should be included in developmental plans for improving migration governance.

In the present time, migration is presented in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development as well as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and in New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants. Moreover, Objective 19 of the forthcoming Global Compact on Migrationrequires states to include migration within sectoral policies and development planning at both national and international levels (Goordonet al., 209).

The 2017 European Consensus on Development presents confirmation that migration within all its aspects involves both short and long term cross-sectoral intervention legal frameworks and policies. SDGs provide an opportunity to embrace a comprehensive approach towards a linkage between migration, development cooperation as well as relevant policy aspects which imposes an impact over development.

Factors Influencing International Migration

Many predictable circumstances such as environment, economic or ethno-political factors configure migration. For example, the collapse of the Eastern Bloc which resulted in the migration of people from the East to the West came out to be a big surprise for the West European states and governments. Factors that influence international migration include:

Sending and Receiving States

Reasons for migrating from one country to another arediverse. Though conventional factors like historical ties, cultural affinity and geographical contiguityneeds to be accompanied with new ideas. Effective communication along with the ever-increasing expansion of social networking service is still important however, they are now accompanied with newer options. The progress in communication along with the expansion in social networking combined with the reduction in the cost of transportation and multi-country operations related to migrant traffickers emerged as very important push and pull factors. This is the reason of the increasing number of sending countries. The result of this is that more migrants as compared to the past are somewhat unfamiliar with the culture as well as the living standards in the receiving country (Gosh, 2000).

Demand-Pull Factors

Most cases of migration starts with the recruitment by an employer by industrial countries where there is a shortage of labour or manpower. Receiving countries seeks workers to add  in their workforce  on a temporary basis and from this overseas workforce, they expects to deliver 100 per cent returns (Martin and Straubhaar, 2002). One point that these states needs to understand is that inflow of migrant workers cannot be bought to a halt even after the requirement of the workforce is fulfilled. Moreover, many migrants also do not go back to their own countries and decide to stay in the receive country and get their families to come and live with them as well (Martin and Taylor, 2001). In the present times, receiving states focus more upon high skilled workforce than that of low skilled migrants. An average of migrants is less qualified in comparison to the national profile (Taran, 2004). With the advancement in technology, there are chances that employment opportunities will become redundant in developing countries, such as agricultural country, which can worsen the situation for migrants (Martin and Taylor, 2001).

Supply-Push Factors

The pressure of the influx of foreigners is huge and states where there is high birth rate are unable to create adequate amount of jobs that will fulfill the needs of the population. In this manner, some states may go for encouraging the migration of residents (Martin and Straubhaar, 2002).

Push factors include unemployment numbers and high levels of poverty, increasing inter-country disparity between job opportunities and income civil wars, human rights infringement and environmental degradation which leads to the development of a feeling of deprivation. Additionally, political conditions such as stability and freedom in the receiving country  also plays a very important role. A huge number of internal migrants tend to contribute within this process. All these factors are combined to result in a high migration potential. Even the poorest move along with the loss of ten to thirty per cent qualified workforce appears to be a serious issue for developing countries (International Labour Organization (ILO) 2015).

Alongside this the return of migrants in their home country where there are inadequate facilities can result in fiscal dislocation which imposes a heavy strain over their administrative structure. The result of this is that the outflow and influx of migrants also have an impact over interstate relationship (Gosh, 2000).

Networks

Both, demand-pull and supply-push factors can be referred to as battery poles if they do not have a link between them as they are not capable of producing migration (Martin and Taylor, 2001). A major link between the two factors is called networks; friends or family members who have migrated extend people with information related to the receiving country (Martin and Taylor, 2001). There are many families who go abroad to generate a new source of income. These remittances are utilized for any work like building buying houses and other luxury items. According to Martin and Straubhaar (2002) remittances can be referred to as “raison d’être”in temporary migration of labour which has also influenced over the macro level. These sources serve as a source of hard currency for the sending countries along with being a source of taxes for the receiving countries. However, in contrast to the expectations in the 1960s remittances which failed in transforming the 1960s remittance have failed in turning. Spending will require development of new jobs that will help non-migrants.

Arms Race

When sending countries are under increase emigration pressure along with strong pull factor within destination countries, regulatory restriction cannot arrest the nation alone which leads them to irregular channels (Gosh, 2000).

States intend to control migration level through the enforcement of border controls along with presenting punitive measures as againsttrafficking. Still, the flow of migration is unstoppable. New composition and direction of flows have complicated the process of migration management by the receiving countries. According to Gosh (2000), about 95 per cent of the total world population is residing in developed countries. The end of colonialism led to many formal colonies to become partners within the international community which means that migrant’s rights are widely and internationally recognized.

Even transition and developing countries are tightening their bordersand policies although, in a much lesser extent to that of receiving countries. Mainly because of lack of resources these countries are most vulnerable by the temporary inflow of migrants (Taran, 2004). Even tight border controls cannot stop migration flow or even reduce the number of people crossing the border. All these measure impose serious pressures over the migrants.

Factors In The Political System

The problem of managing migration can arise mainly through interactions between the factors stated above and political scenarios of both the sending and receiving state. Government tends to react differently in different challenges within the country. All their agendas are most often an impression of public opinion or interest groups.As a matter of fact, migration policy is many times influenced through strong organized interests like that of the construction industry where there is a huge demand for cheap labour. This can result in a contradictory policy which is somewhat unwilling to legalize various undocumented migrants and at the same time it allows them to enter in a covert manner (Castles, 2004).

Despite of many efforts in controlling migration flows, every effort failed. Another aspect to consider here is that liberal states should understand migrant rights. These states cannot send them back to their own countries on the basis of human rights violations. Even more, if an immigrant has managed to acquire the right of employment, it is very difficult to make them go back (Castles, 2004).

Searching For A New Policy

Governments of receiving country acknowledge the fact that there are many problems associated with irregular migrations. Though, efforts are directed towards keeping migrants away however, those who have already migrated may become alone and also without any help (Koser, 2010).

EnforcingHuman Rights

According to Taran (2004), the quotes in Universal Declaration of Human Rightsestablishes in its sixth article that every person holds the right to be recognized in the eye of law as well as the person also holds the right to due process. Hence the term illegal migrant tends to contradict this spirit.Up till now, many conventions has been signed for the protection of migrant and their families however; there lies potential gap between these conventions and realities. It has been stated by Bustamante, (2002), that current internationalcooperation norms need to present a solid policy framework. the major problem is the lack of political parties to enforce them.to make them active players of the society along with social partners and civil society  is required. According to Bustamante (2002), there lies a gap within international standards and the UN member states do agree upon this factor. Generally, people tend to be more vulnerable in home countries. Mostly there are very few rights in receiving country than that of residents. This serves as a strong differentiating factor between the immigrants ad nationals. Additionally, the receiving country should also not ignore the human rights of immigrants. Moreover, they need to be empowered for protecting themselves against the human rights violation. Since implementing ratificationwithin the UN conventions can take years or a decade until the treaty presented become the law.

Policy Approach

According to Taran (2004), human trafficking is the result that borders have become barriers between those who have a job offer and those who are looking for a job. The need of developing proper migration channels within which the demand for labour meets labour supply has become imperative. Migrants employment needs to be legal and the conditions of the workplace should be tolerable.

The new regime should be based over several common objectives that can be shared by every party. New international conventions should be an extension to the present one. Additionally, it should be flexible enough for anticipating and handling movements in a confident, timely and fair manner. Human rights are protected and cover every type of movement whether it is permanent or temporary and omitting the consideration of individual motivation. As a result, it should be drafted over the close cooperation of different parties involved like sending, receiving and transit countries.The new government requires international cooperation in every aspect which can influence people movement like the development aid or labour market. This eventually means that the issue of migration should be considered closely along with making decisions in the related area. Monitor mechanism should be able to control the realization of many ideas (Gosh, 2000).

Many experts have also criticized that measures fail in addressing the root cause which can lead to disorderly migration. Philip L. Martin and J. Edward Taylor (2001) suggest that developing countries should change their own economic policies so as to reduce the pressure of immigration. This will eventually involve a whole lot of patience as any new policies drafted needs time to operate effectively. This is especially true for developing countries which are suffering from credibility gap. Both local and foreigninvestors need to be convinced so that the new trade and investments policies will continue to be followed (Martin and Taylor, 2001).

Three kinds of controlling instruments for the government of foreign countries can be used to reduce the pressure of immigration.

Investments

Economy ted to grow faster when there is a scope to investIn infrastructure, machinery and the education sector. There are also many other forms of investment and is committed for local private savings for building factories and enterprises.

Trade

Cheap labour are on abundance in developing countries because of which they can import goods that are labour-intensive. The wages of workers rise with time and the prices of goods also increases. This will reduce the pressure of immigration eventually.

Foreign Aid

Development Aid is that money which is granted by another country to extend support in the development of another one. At its best, this will compliment economic investments for fostering growth so that the potential people who intend to migrate remain I their home countries.

 

Teaching of business ethics in educational institutes.

According to Velasquez, Andre, Thomas Shanks, &  Meyer, 2017, Ethics is a philosophy that deals with morality and values to differentiate between the rightness and wrongness which includes the human conduct which motivates a person to differentiate between right and wrong. It defines ethics of person that how does he behaves in society and what conduct he has. It measures the the moral standard of a person in society that how much he concerns the right conduct and wrong conduct. Ethics determine the conduct of a person in a society and his behaviour. It explains that how a participant in business should know about the benefits and risks in a product. If a customer wants to withdraw from a product then he has right to choose or withdraw from it and no implications can be employed to him. 

Traditionally, teachers use various philosophies of moral scholars to study ethics and find out their work regarding ethics. For example Kant used preferred approaches to teach the ethics, including business ethics. Some scholars justify using literature as a tool for teaching ethics (Gilbert, 2007;Singer & Singer, 2005;Clemens & Mayer, 1999;Shepard, Goldsby, & Gerde, 1997 So while it may be an exaggeration to elaborate that Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel caused the Civil War, there's no doubt that Uncle Tom's Cabin, by helping to shape public opinion in the 1850s, was indeed a factor leading to the war (McNamara, 2014). So scholars have explained the ethics and teachers nowadays quote and justify it. 

The literature consists of thoughtful descriptions and reflections of innovative approaches which can be used in business ethics teaching. For example, Shepard, Goldsby and Gerde (1997) suggested a way of teaching business ethics based on business-related classic literature and moral philosophy. Likewise, Brinkmann (2008) justified the use of the business ethics literature and scenes in triggering moral reflection and tells the ethical condition and situations in society. Teachings of business ethics first need to make some amendments in curriculum of business ethics. First students should deeply think about the relationship of wealth and moral values. Then students should consider the phycology and own importance. Further students should bring awareness of entrepreneurship and dealing with society. Aims and objectives of business ethics study is to enlighten students about the business and moral values in business about how to behave with participant and stakeholders. 

A faculty and institution should have a critical focus on the development of ethical analysis and they motivate students and themselves about teaching business ethics. As business ethics has caught the attention of institutions and make it part of literature and create pedagogical business ethic ways to transfer their students and motivates them about business and society. Institutes and teachers motivate students about the business ethics and its implications. Business ethics is actually an integrated part of educational curriculum to explain its goals and working in society (Ronald R Sims, Johannes Brinkmann Teaching Business Ethics 7 (1), 69-86, 2003). Business ethics reevaluates the nature of purpose and desires between life and behavior in business. Business ethics teaching motivates students to consider the importance of ethical moralities in business for business survival in society. Teachers should motivate the students about the consumer importance and behavior of firm with its customers. When a customer finds morally wrong to a firm it may switch their choice to somewhere else so business ethics motivation benefits not only to consumers but also business holders. 

An ethical overview in business is actually elaborated about the confidentiality, risk to the customer from the business, consent about the product, surety about the physical features about the business services and goods. Project explains the physiological effect of business ethics between the customer and owner. It also explains that if any product may be a defaulted one participant is informed about the issues and risks in product and he is known to the defaults. It also indicates the right to choose or withdraw from product and let participant know about the benefits and justification of ethical approval from agency or parents. 

Ethical framework should be used to study the business ethics for the future participant of students in society and in field of entrepreneurship. Business ethics should be course which ethicists should teach the students and can efficiently learn them about the relationship of moral values and ethics, by business faculty in business courses, or perhaps by both. These are some of the issues this project will address. The project begins with a review of the literature concerning approaches to teaching business ethics. Next, some ethical frameworks for teaching business ethics are considered. Ethicists can also help students about the moral values to be considered in business and its phycological impact on participant. Finally, the project proposes that students should employ their own personal values to business ethical issues in the classroom, thus providing future business leaders in the field of entrepreneurship with a process for resolving ethical dilemmas and benefits society. They work for community for betterment of society and enlighten the participant about the product and make them ensure about the benefits and risks of product and teach them about the choice of participant.  (Alfonso R Oddo

Journal of Business Ethics). 

This project assessed change in students’ moral reasoning following in time durations according to the project in classes on business ethics and few assignments utilizing a novel pedagogical approach designed to enlighten ethical reasoning skills. To minimize risks in the current study to validity present in previous studies, an untreated control group design with pre- and post-training measures were used. Training (n = ) and control (n = ) groups includes  freshmen who have just started their field in business majors who completed the Defining Issues Test before and after the training. Results justify that, controlling for pre-training levels of moral reasoning, students in the training group demonstrated higher levels of post-training principled moral judgment than students in the control group because they have experience about the studies and they are well known about the business considerations and role of business ethics in society and business survival.